"[Caffeine] stimulates mobilization of lipids by […] inhibiting the activity of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. This enzyme normally degrades cyclic AMP (cAMP), an important signalling molecule in the lipolysis process. Inhibition guarantees a high pool of cAMP […] which is responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides. The long chain fatty acids are then oxidized to CO2 and H2O to produce energy. Caffeine also stimulates microcirculation […]. The improved blood circulation in the cellulite area helps in the breakdown of fat. Carnitine’s role is to carry long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria..."

"All of the citrus peel oils revealed lipolytic effects […] Among 17 authentic compounds relating to citrus peel oils, octanal showed the highest lipolytic effect, followed by γ-terpinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, nerol, ρ-cymene, and geranyl acetate […] In recent years many researchers have focused on natural substances with antiobese effects such as capsaicin..."

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"The present invention relates […] the use of glaucine […] as an agent inducing adipocyte reversion, for the preparation of cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical compositions especially against cellulitis, orange peel and fat deposits.[…] Glaucine possessed not only anti-lipogenic properties but also anti-adipogenic properties. […] Glaucine was on the one hand capable of inhibiting the lipogenesis and favoring the lipolysis, and on the other hand that it had an opposing effect on the adipocyte differentiation and that it favored the reversion of the adipocyte morphotype. […] The invention proposes a solution for a localized loss of weight..."

"In order to reduce the pressure and size of the adipocytes to improve the overall tissue architecture, one must begin by reducing the amount of fats (lipids) stored in the adipocytes, This is achieved by stimulating lipolysis […] The most widely used ingredient in many products of this category is caffeine […] Combinations of caffeine with carnitine and/or coenzyme A have been shown to increase ATP synthesis […] which is an indication of higher rates of beta-oxidation of the fatty acids. […] Another type of ingredient can be added: stimulants of adenylcyclase […] a number of plant extracts, including Bupleurum Falcatum are used for this purpose. […] The most recent developments concern activity on mature adipocytes beyond lipolysis. Dimethoyboldine (glaucine), […] has the potential to initiate cell reversal.[…] After 8 weeks of treatment twice daily, a 1.9mm reduction of the thickness of adipose tissue (-6%) was noted for the Bupleurum falcatum and caffeine-treated thigh, compared to the placebo […] In contrast the placebo induced a slight thickening of the thigh..."

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"L-Carnitine acts as a transport vehicle shuttling long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Once inside the mitochondria, L-Carnitine releases these fatty acids and they are broken down through a process called beta-oxidation for the production of ATP or energy..."

"Studies also indicates that L-Carnitine is useful as part of a weight management program […] Two different research groups have shown that oral supplementation of L-Carnitine stimulates in vivo long chain fatty acid metabolism in healthy adults."

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